Everything about The First Mexican Empire totally explained
The
First Mexican Empire was the official name of independent
Mexico under a monarchical regime from 1822 to 1823. The Mexican territory included the former
Captaincy General of Guatemala, the intendencies and provinces of the continental
New Spain. After the declaration of independence on
September 27,
1821, it was the intention of the Mexican parliament to establish a commonwealth whereby the king of Spain,
Ferdinand VII, would also be Emperor of Mexico, but in which both countries were to be governed by separate laws and with their own legislative offices. Should the king refuse the position, the law provided for a member of the Bourbon family to accede to the Mexican throne. Ferdinand VII, however, didn't recognize the independence and said that
Spain wouldn't allow any other European prince to take the throne of Mexico. By request of Parliament, Mexican
Agustín de Iturbide was proclaimed emperor of Mexico.
History
The First Mexican Empire was short-lived, lasting only eight months from
21 July 1822 to
19 March 1823 and having only one
emperor, Agustín de Iturbide.
Background
When the Emperor
Napoleon of
France put his brother,
Joseph, on the
Spanish throne in
1808, ties between Spain and her
American colonies weakened and the movement for
Mexican independence grew stronger.
The
Mexican War of Independence began in 1810 and continued until 1821, when rebel troops entered
Mexico City and the
Treaty of Córdoba was signed, whereby the viceroy of New Spain recognized the independence of Mexico.
In that year, General Agustín de Iturbide, a Mexican-born
criollo who originally fought for the pro-Spanish royalists but switched his allegiance to the insurgents in the final phases of the war, was elected head of the provisional junta government and of the
regency that held the imperial power that Spain once had. On the night of the
18 May 1822, a mass
demonstration led by the Regiment of Celaya, which Iturbide had commanded during the
war, marched through the streets and demanded that their commander-in-chief accept the throne.
Establishment
On
19 May 1822, the Sovereign Congress named him emperor and on
21 May 1822, issued a decree officially confirming this appointment, which was officially a temporary measure until a
European
monarch could be found to rule Mexico.
Iturbide's official title was "By Divine Providence and the National Congress, First Constitutional Emperor of Mexico" (
Spanish:
Por la Divina Providencia y por el Congreso de la Nación, Primer Emperador Constitucional de México). His
coronation took place on
21 July 1822, in Mexico City.
As factions in the Congress began to sharply criticise both Iturbide and his policies, the emperor decided on
31 October to dissolve it. This enraged the commander of the
garrison at
Veracruz,
Antonio López de Santa Anna, who himself would be President in several terms, during the Secession of Texas and the disastrous
Mexican-American War. Santa Anna and his troops rose up against Iturbide and declared a
republic on
1 December.
Further Information
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